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The Danish Golden Age, which began in the first half of the 19th century, was inspired by a new feeling of nationalism and romanticism. Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg was not only a productive artist in his own right but taught at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts where his students included notable painters such as Wilhelm Bendz, Sony VPCF23P1E Battery Christen K bke, Martinus R rbye, Constantin Hansen, and Wilhelm Marstrand. The sculpture of Bertel Thorvaldsen was also significant during this period.[141] In 1871, Holger Drachmann and Karl Madsen visited Skagen in the far north of Jutland where they quickly built up one of Scandinavia's most successful artists' colonies specializing in Naturalism and Realism rather than in the traditional approach favored by the Academy. Hosted by Michael and his wife Anna, they were soon joined by P.S. Kr yer, Sony VPCYB3V1E/R Battery Carl Locher and Laurits Tuxen. All participated in painting the natural surroundings and local people.[142] Similar trends developed on Funen with the Fynboerne who included Johannes Larsen, Fritz Syberg and Peter Hansen,[143] and on the island of Bornholm with the Bornholm school of painters including Niels Lergaard, Kr sten Iversen and Oluf H st.[144] Sony VAIO VPCS11X9E Battery Danish photography has developed from strong participation and interest in the very beginnings of the art in 1839 to the success of a considerable number of Danes in the world of photography today. Pioneers such as Mads Alstrup and Georg Emil Hansen paved the way for a rapidly growing profession during the last half of the 19th century while both artistic and press photographers made internationally recognised contributions. Today Danish photographers such as Astrid Kruse Jensen and Jacob Aue Sobol are active both at home and abroad, participating in key exhibitions around the world.[145] Sony VAIO VPCS11V9E Battery Collections of modern art enjoy unusually attractive settings at the Louisiana Museum of Modern Art north of Copenhagen and at the North Jutland Art Museum in Aalborg. Notable artists include the Neo-Expressionist Per Kirkeby, Tal R with his wild and colorful paintings,[146] Olafur Eliasson's space exhibitions[147] and Jeppe Hein's installations.[148] Sony VAIO VPCS11B7E Battery Sony VAIO VPCS11C5E Battery   [edit]Sports Main article: Sport in Denmark     Caroline Wozniacki, professional women's tennis player and former world no. 1 on the WTA Tour. Sports are popular in Denmark, Sony VAIO VPCS11H7E Batteryand its citizens participate in and watch a wide variety. The national sport is football (soccer), with the most notable results being qualifying for the European Championships six times in a row (1984-2004) and winning the Championship in 1992. Sony VAIO VPCS11D7E Battery Other significant achievements include winning the Confederations Cup in 1995 and reaching the quarter-final of the 1998 World Championships. Denmark's numerous beaches and resorts are popular locations for fishing, canoeing, kayaking and a broad-range of other water-themed sports. Sony VAIO VPCS11E7E Battery   In recent years, Denmark has made a mark as a strong cycling nation, with Bjarne Riis winning Tour de France in 1996, and Michael Rasmussen reaching King of the Mountains status, in the Tour 2005 and 2006. Sony VAIO VPCS13V9E/B Battery In speedway racing Denmark has won several world championships, including the Speedway World Cup in 2006 and 2008. Other popular sports include golf, mostly popular among the older demographic;[14 Sony VAIO VPCS13S9E Battery 9] tennis, in which Denmark is successful on a professional level; Danish Rugby Union, which dates back to 1950;[150] and indoor sports, most notably badminton, handball, table tennis and various forms of gymnastics, all of which Denmark holds World Championships and Olympic medals in. Sony VAIO VPCS13S9E/B Battery As of January 2012, the national handball team are the current reigning European champions and the team with most medals won in European championship history on the men's side with a total of five medals, those being two gold medals (2008, 2012), and three bronze medals (2002, 2004 & 2006).

Copenhagen (IPA / ko p nhe n/ or / ko p nh n/; Danish: K benhavn pronounced [k b m h n] ( listen)) is the capital of Denmark and its most populous city, with an urban population of 1,213,822 (as of 1 January 2012) and a metropolitan population of 1,935,746 (as of 1 April 2012). Sony VAIO VPCS12E7E BatteryWith the completion of the transnational resund Bridge in 2000, Copenhagen has become the centre of the increasingly integrating resund Region. Within this region, Copenhagen and the Swedish city of Malm are growing into a combined metropolitan area.[3][4][5] Copenhagen is situated on the islands of Zealand and Amager. Sony VAIO VPCS11F7E Battery   First documented in the 11th century, Copenhagen became the capital of Denmark in the beginning of the 15th century. During the 17th century, under the reign of Christian IV, it became a significant regional centre. Sony VAIO VPCS12D7E Battery Copenhagen is a major regional centre of culture, business, media, and science, as indicated by several international surveys and rankings (see International rankings below). Life science, information technology and shipping are important sectors, and research & development plays a major role in the city's economy. Sony VAIO VPCS12C5E BatteryIts strategic location and excellent infrastructure, with the largest airport in Scandinavia,[6] Kastrup, located 14 minutes by train from the city centre, have made it a regional hub and a popular location for regional headquarters[7] and conventions. Sony VAIO VPCS12B7E Battery   Copenhagen has repeatedly been recognized as one of the cities with the best quality of life.[8][9][10] It is also considered one of the world's most environmentally friendly cities. The water in the inner harbour is clean and safe for swimming. 36% of all citizens commute to work by bicycle. Every day, they cycle a combined 1.2 million km.[11] Sony VAIO VPCS11G7E Battery   Since the turn of the millennium, Copenhagen has seen a strong urban and cultural development. This is partly due to massive investments in cultural facilities as well as infrastructure and a new wave of successful designers, chefs and architects.[9] Sony VAIO VPCS11J7E Battery   Copenhagen's founding has traditionally been dated to Bishop Absalon's construction of a castle on the small island of Slotsholmen in 1167 where Christiansborg Palace stands today. Recent archeological finds indicate that by the 11th century, Copenhagen had already grown into a small town with a large estate, a church, a market, at least two wells and many smaller habitations spread over a fairly wide area.[ Sony VAIO VPCS12A7R Battery12] Many historians believe that the town dates to the late Viking age, and was possibly founded by Sweyn I Forkbeard. From the middle of the 12th century it grew in importance, after coming into Absalon's possession, who fortified it in 1167, the year traditionally marking the foundation of Copenhagen. Sony VAIO VPCS12A7E BatteryThe excellent harbour encouraged Copenhagen's growth until it became an important centre of commerce. However it did not become the nation's capital until the middle of the 15th century, and the archbishop still has residence in Roskilde. Sony VAIO VPCS11M1E/W Battery   The city's origin as a harbour and a place of commerce is reflected in its name. Its original designation, from which the contemporary Danish name is derived, was K pmann hafn, meaning "merchants' harbour" or "buyer's haven" (cf. German "Kaufmannshafen"). The English name for the city is derived from its Low German name, Kopenhagen Sony VAIO VPCS11V9E/B BatteryThe element hafnium is also named for Copenhagen, whose Latin name is Hafnia,[13] derived from the city's original name, Hafn ("harbour"). The bacterium Hafnia is also named for Copenhagen, being coined in 1954 by Vagn M ller of the Statens Seruminstitut in Copenhagen. [14] . Sony VAIO VPCS11M9R/B Battery   As the town rose in prominence, it was repeatedly attacked by the Hanseatic League. In 1254 it received its charter as a city under Bishop Jakob Erlandsen. During 1658-59 it withstood a siege by the Swedes under Charles X and successfully repelled a major assault. In 1711 the plague reduced Copenhagen's population of about 65,000 by one-third.[15] Sony VAIO VGN-FW46M Battery Sony VAIO VGN-FW4ZTJ/H Battery   On 2 April 1801 a British fleet under the command of Admiral Sir Hyde Parker defeated a Danish-Norwegian fleet anchored near Copenhagen. Vice-Admiral Horatio Nelson led the main attack.[16][17] Sony VAIO VGN-FW54M Battery [18] He famously disobeyed Parker's order to withdraw, destroying many of the Dano-Norwegian ships before a truce was agreed.[16][19][20] Copenhagen is often considered to be Nelson's hardest-fought battle, surpassing even the heavy fighting at Trafalgar.[16][19][21 Sony VAIO VGN-FW56 Battery][22][23] It was during this battle that Lord Nelson famously "put the telescope to the blind eye" in order not to see Admiral Parker's signal to cease fire.[21] The Second Battle of Copenhagen (or the Bombardment of Copenhagen) (16 August - 5 September 1807) was from a British point of view a preemptive attack on Copenhagen, targeting the civilian population in order to seize the Dano-Norwegian fleet.[19][21] Sony VAIO VGN-FW51 Battery [24][25] But from a Danish point of view the battle was a terror bombardment on their capital. Particularly notable was the use of incendiary Congreve rockets (containing phosphorus, which cannot be extinguished with water) that randomly hit the city. Few houses with straw roofs remained after the bombardment. The largest church, Sony VAIO VGN-FW51ZF/H Battery Vor frue kirke, was destroyed by the sea artillery. Several historians consider this battle was the first terror attack against a major European city in modern times.[25][26] The confiscation of the navy, would later source the term to Copenhagenize. Sony VAIO VGN-FW51MF/H Battery       Slotsholmen canal, as seen from B rsen (1890-1900). In the background from left to right: Church of the Holy Ghost, Rundet rn, Trinity Church, St. Nicholas Church (before the spire was rebuilt) and Holmen Church. Sony VAIO VGN-FW41J/H Battery Sony VAIO VGN-FW41M/H Battery   The British landed 30,000 men and surrounded Copenhagen.[19][21] The attack continued for the next three days, killing some 2,000 civilians and destroying most of the city.[19][21] The devastation was so great because Copenhagen relied on an old defence-line whose limited range could not reach the British ships and their longer-range artillery.[2Sony VAIO VGN-FW41ZJ/H Battery 7] Not until the 1850s were the ramparts of the city opened to allow new housing to be built around The Lakes (Danish: S erne) that bordered the old defences to the west. This dramatic increase of space was long overdue, Sony VAIO VGN-FW46M Battery because the old ramparts were out of date as a defence system, and because of bad sanitation in the old city. Before the opening, central Copenhagen was inhabited by approximately 125,000 people, peaking in the census of 1870 (140,000); Sony VAIO VGN-FW4ZTJ/H Battery today the figure is around 25,000. In 1901, Copenhagen expanded further, incorporating communities with 40,000 people, and in the process making Frederiksberg an enclave within Copenhagen. Sony VAIO VGN-FW54S Battery During World War II, Copenhagen was occupied by German troops along with the rest of the country from 9 April 1940 until 4 May 1945. The occupation was not a part of the Nazi German expansion, and in the first years German authorities wanted a kind of understanding with the Danish government. Sony VAIO VGN-FW54J Battery Even a general parliamentary election was granted in 1941, with only the Communist Party excluded. But in August 1943, when the government's collaboration with the occupation forces collapsed, Sony VAIO VGN-FW51 Battery several ships were scuttled in Copenhagen Harbour by the Royal Danish Navy to prevent their use by the Germans. Around that time the Nazis started to arrest Jews, although many managed to escape to Sweden. Sony VAIO VGN-FW54E Battery After the Normandy invasion the Germans feared that the Danish police could become a problem, and in early September 1944 the entire Danish police force was meant to be arrested. But a majority of the Danish police managed to either hide or escape to Sweden. Sony VAIO VGN-FW51ZF/H Battery Out of 2,000 policemen captured and deported to Germany fewer than half returned after the war. During the last eight months of occupation Copenhagen suffered a high rate of common criminality. Sony VAIO VGN-FW46Z Battery Ole Lippman, the leader of the Danish resistance movement (SOE), asked for RAF assistance in attacking Nazi headquarters in Copenhagen. Accordingly, vice Air Marshall Sir Basil Embry drew the plans for a spectacular precision attack on the SD and Gestapo building, the former office of the Shell Oil Company. Sony VAIO VGN-FW46S Battery Political prisoners were kept in the attic to prevent an air raid, so the RAF had to bomb the lower levels of the building. The attack came on 22 March 1945, coming in three small waves. Sony VAIO VGN-NW26JG BatteryAll six planes (carrying one bomb each) in the first wave hit their target, but unfortunately one of the aircraft crashed near Frederiksberg girls school. Due to this crash four of the planes in the two following waves assumed the school was the target, and aim their bombs at the school. Sony VAIO VGN-FW51MF/H Battery Several teachers and some 15 students were killed, but 18 (of 20 total) political prisoners managed to escape, the Gestapo archives were completely destroyed, and Hitler became so insecure of the situation that he withdrew only half of the roughly 200,000 soldiers in Denmark to reinforce German forces on the Rhine.[28][29][30] Sony VAIO VGN-FW56M Battery   Since the summer of 2000, Copenhagen and the Swedish city of Malm have been connected by a toll bridge/tunnel ( resund Bridge), Sony VAIO VGN-NW26EG Battery which carries railroad and automobile traffic. As a result, Copenhagen has become the centre of a larger metropolitan area which spans both nations. The construction of the bridge has led to many changes to the public transport system and extensive redevelopment of Amager, south of Copenhagen. Sony VAIO VGN-FW35F Battery   In December 2009 Copenhagen hosted the worldwide climate meeting COP15. When US President Barack Obama participated in the end of this meeting it was the fourth time an American President had visited Copenhagen during his term (Obama also visited Copenhagen in October 2009, George W. Bush in 2005 and Bill Clinton in the 1990s). Sony VAIO VGN-NW24S Battery Sony VAIO VGN-NW24MR Battery [edit]Geography       Satellite image showing Copenhagen located on Zealand and Amager.     Amager Square seen from St. Nicholas Church [edit]Location Copenhagen is located on the eastern shore of the island of Zealand, partly on the island of Amager and on a number of natural and artificial islets between the two. Copenhagen faces the resund to the east, the strait of water that separates Denmark from Sweden, and which connects the North Sea with the Baltic Sea. Sony VAIO VGN-NW24MG BatteryThe Swedish towns of Malm and Landskrona lie on the Swedish side of the sound directly across from Copenhagen. Copenhagen is part of the resund region, which consists of Zealand, Lolland-Falster and Bornholm in Denmark and Scania in Sweden. Sony VAIO VGN-NW24JG Battery   [edit]Copenhagen Municipality Copenhagen Municipality is an administrative unit which covers the central part of the actual city of Copenhagen. It is a fairly small part of the actual city which falls within the municipality both because it covers a confined area and because the enclave of Frederiksberg is an independent municipality. Since a reform in 2006-08, Copenhagen is divided into 10 official districts (Danish: bydele).[31] Sony VAIO VGN-NW24EG Battery   The suffix -bro in the names sterbro, N rrebro, Vesterbro and Amagerbro should not be confused with the Danish word for bridge, which is also 'bro'. The term is thought[citation needed] to be an abbreviation or short form of the Danish word brolagt meaning paved referring to the roads paved with cobblestones leading to the city's former gates. Sony VAIO VGN-NW26M Battery Sony VAIO VGN-FW56E Battery Today the Frederiksberg enclave, whilst not part of the Copenhagen municipality (and so administratively independent), is considered to be part of the city of Copenhagen. Frederiksberg became an enclave in 1901 when the former districts of Vanl se and Valby were incorporated to Copenhagen municipality. Sony VAIO VGN-FW56J Battery Since 1902 no further incorporations has been made to the municipality. The highest population density is no longer found in the city centre ("Indre by", which means Inner town) due to office buildings, department stores and council buildings, etc. Sony VGP-BPS13 Battery The highest population density is instead found in the districts immediately surrounding the city centre, where there is a density of 15,000 inhabitants per km2. For example, the entirety of the N rrebro district,[32] central sterbro district,[33]. Sony VAIO VGP-BPS13A/B Battery Sony VGP-BPS21A/b Battery The lowest population density in the municipality exists in a part of the Amager Vest district. At the western coast of the island of Amager a large area was embanked from the shallow strait of Kalveboderne in the 1930s. Sony VGP-BPS21/S BatteryThe main reason was to provide an occupation for unemployed workers during the Great Depression. As the area was later used as a military training area, the ground contains much unexploded ammunition which has hampered urban development. Sony VGP-BPS21B BatteryIn the 1980s most of the embankment was declared a nature reserve and thus remains uninhabited, although a part now makes up the restad quarter. Also, a golf course has been established a few kilometres from the city centre. Sony VAIO VGP-BPS13B/B Battery   The area of Copenhagen has also grown in other places as a result of land reclamation. Thus, all of the present and former harbour areas were gained from the sea, and on eastern Amager, a new beach park with an artificial island was opened in 2008. Sony VAIO VGP-BPS13/S Battery   [edit]Greater Copenhagen Further information: Urban area of Copenhagen     Greater Copenhagen in Denmark The conurbation of Copenhagen consists of several municipalities. After Copenhagen Municipality, the second largest is Frederiksberg Municipality, an enclave inside Copenhagen Municipality. Sony VGP-BPS21A Battery Both are contained in the larger Capital Region of Denmark, containing most of the urban area of Copenhagen. However Danish road authority (Vejdirektoratet) still uses the name Greater Copenhagen (Stork benhavn). This area had around 1.45 million inhabitants in the mid 1990's. Sony VGP-BPS21 Battery Previously, the areas of Frederiksberg, Gentofte and Copenhagen municipalities have been used to define the city of Copenhagen. This definition is now obsolete. To meet statistical needs upon the latest municipal reform, which took place in early 2007, a definitory concept of Danish lands (Danish: landsdele) was introduced. Sony VAIO VGP-BPS13B/Q BatteryA land is basically a geographical and statistical definition, and the area is not considered to be an administrative unit. The land of Copenhagen City includes the municipalities of Copenhagen, Drag r, Frederiksberg and T rnby, with a total population of 704,108 at the start of 2012.[34][35] Sony VAIO VGP-BPS13A/Q Battery   Copenhagen and Frederiksberg were two of the three last Danish municipalities not belonging to a county. On 1 January 2007, the municipalities lost their county privileges and became part of the Copenhagen Capital Region. Sony VAIO VGP-BPS13/Q Battery   [edit]Finger Plan Suburban Copenhagen (or the Copenhagen metropolitan area) is planned according to the Finger Plan (Danish: Fingerplanen), initiated in 1947, dividing the suburbs into five fingers.[36] The S-train lines are built according to the Finger Plan, while green wedges and highways are built between the fingers. Sony VAIO VGP-BPS13A/S Battery [edit]Climate Copenhagen is in the oceanic climate zone. As the city is in the path of Atlantic low-pressure systems, Copenhagen experiences unstable and changing weather patterns in all four seasons, as well as temperatures about 5 degrees higher than average for its latitude (55 degrees North) worldwide. Sony VAIO VGP-BPS13B/S Battery The main reason for this warmth is the Atlantic Gulf Stream, which moves warm water from around the Gulf Coast area toward Europe, and the low-pressure systems follow with the oceanic stream. Sony VAIO VGN-SR51MF/W Battery Precipitation is moderate throughout the year, with a small peak during June to August. Snowfall occurs mainly from late December until early March, but snow cover seldom lasts long. Rain during January and February is as common as snow, and the average temperatures for these two winter months is near the freezing point. Sony VAIO VGN-SR51MF/P Battery During winter, the weather is dependent on which latitude the Atlantic low pressure centre takes. With a stable high-pressure system around the Alps, the low pressure from the southwest moves toward southern Scandinavia and northern Germany, producing above-freezing temperatures day and night. Sony VAIO VGN-SR41M/W BatteryWhen a stable high-pressure system sits over Denmark or the lands to the northeast (such as Finland or Russia), the mild Atlantic winds from the southwest are blocked, allowing polar winds to cover the area, and the temperature dips to below freezing (rarely below 5 C (23 F) during the day and 12 C (10 F) during the night). Sony VAIO VGN-SR11M Battery If the European continent experiences cold due to the eastern Russian winds, which rarely occurs, it can "freeze from the south".[citation needed] This was a phenomenon that took several centuries to understand. Sony VAIO VGN-SR41M/S Battery Spring is comparable to continental Europe, but delayed about a week because of the cold surrounding water. On the other hand, in late autumn Copenhagen is kept milder due to the same factor, but reversed. In late November and December the surrounding ocean water is generally warmer than the air. From mid-October to February, one or two storms occur. Storms in the summertime are rare. Sony VAIO VGN-SR41M/P Battery Summer is a mixture of southwestern mild, windy and rainy low-pressure systems, and periods of stable high pressures. In summer, high-pressure systems usually bring sunny and fairly warm weather. But these warm periods, which can occur any time from late April until mid September, usually last no longer than ten days.[citation needed] Sony VAIO VGN-SR11MR Battery   Nyhavn, the seventeenth century waterfront, with its colourful buildings The city's appearance today is shaped by the key role it has played as a regional centre for centuries. Copenhagen has a multitude of districts, each representing its time and with its own distinctive character, Sony VAIO VGN-SR31M Battery making up a dense urban fabric. Other distinctive features of Copenhagen include the abundance of water, the many parks, and the bicycle paths that line most streets. [edit]Architecture See also: Architecture in Copenhagen and List of buildings in and around Copenhagen Sony VAIO VGN-SR29VN Battery   Amalienborg Palace and the Marble Church seen with the Amalie Garden in the foreground. The oldest section of Copenhagen's inner city is often referred to as "Middelalderbyen" (The Medieval City). However, the most distinctive district of Copenhagen is Frederiksstaden developed during the reign of Frederick V. Sony VAIO VGN-SR21RM/H Battery It has Amalienborg Palace at its centre and is dominated by the dome of Frederik's Church (The Marble Church) and several elegant 18th century mansions. The old inner city of Copenhagen includes the small island of Slotsholmen with Christiansborg Palace and Christianshavn. Sony VAIO VGN-SR21M/S Battery Around the historical city centre lies a band of congenial residential bouroughs (Vesterbro, Inner N rrebro, Inner sterbro) dating mainly from late 19th century. They were built outside the old ramparts of the city when the city was finally allowed to expand beyond this barrier. Sony VAIO VGN-SR19VN Battery Sometimes referred to as "the City of Spires", Copenhagen is known for its horizontal skyline, only broken by spires at churches and castles. Most characteristic is the baroque spire of Church of Our Saviour with its spiralling and narrowing external stairs that visitors can climb to the very top of the spire. Other important spires are those of Christiansborg Palace, Sony VAIO VGN-SR19XN Battery the City Hall and the former Church of St. Nikolaj that now houses a modern art venue. A bit lower are the renaissance spires of Rosenborg Castle and the "dragon spire" of Christian IV's former stock exchange, so named because it resembles the tails of four dragons twined together. HP Pavilion dv6-1148ca Battery     Developing skyline of the district restad, located in the outskirts of Copenhagen. 12 towers expected to form the final skyline. Recent years have seen a boom in modern architecture in Copenhagen[37] both when it comes to Danish architecture and works by international architects. HP Pavilion dv6-1140ea Battery HP Pavilion dv6-1133sa Battery For a few hundred years, virtually no foreign architects had worked in Copenhagen but since the turn of the millennium the city and its immediate sourroundings have seen buildings and projects from international star architects. HP Pavilion dv6-2112SA Battery In the same time, a number of Danish architects have achieved success in Copenhagen and abroad. Buildings in Copenhagen have won RIBA European Awards four years in a row ("Sampension" in 2005,[38] "Kilen" in 2006,[39] "Tietgenkollegiet" in 2007[40] and the Royal Playhouse in 2008.[41]) HP Pavilion dv6-2114A Battery The last three mentioned projects are all by Lundgaard & Tranberg Architects.[42] At the 2008 World Architecture Festival in Barcelona, Bjarke Ingels Group won an award for the World's Best Residential Building 2008 for a house in restad.[43] HP Pavilion dv6-2110EA Battery The Forum AID Award for Best building in Scandinavia went to Copenhagen buildings both in 2006[44] and 2008.[45] In 2008 British design magazine Monocle named Copenhagen the World's best design city 2008.[46] HP Pavilion dv6-1330SA Battery   The boom in urban development and modern architecture has brought some changes to the city's skyline. A political majority has decided to keep the historical centre free of high-rise buildings, but several areas will see or have already seen massive urban development. HP Pavilion dv6-1132sa Battery restad now has seen most of the recent development. Located near Copenhagen Airport, it currently boasts one of the largest malls in Scandinavia and a variety of office and residential buildings as well as IT University and a high school. The two largest hotels in Scandinavia are currently under construction (ultimo 2008). HP Pavilion dv6-1216SA Battery     The 2004 Copenhagen Opera House by Henning Larsen An ambitious regeneration project will create a new Carlsberg District at the historical premises of the Carlsberg Breweries that has terminated the production of beer in Copenhagen and moved it to Fredericia. HP Pavilion dv6-1210EA Battery The district will have a total of nine high-rise buildings and seeks to mix the old industrial buildings with modern architecture to create a dense, maze-like quarter with a focus on sustainability and an active urban life. A third major area of urban development also with a focus on sustainability is Nordhavn. HP Pavilion dv6-1140EA Battery The Copenhagen tradition with urban development on artificial islands that was initiated with Christian IV's construction of Christianshavn has recently been continued with the creation of Havneholmen as well as a canal district at Sluseholmen in the South Harbour. HP Pavilion dv6-1120SA BatteryA district in Copenhagen with a different take on modern architecture is that of Christiania whose many creative and idiosyncratic buildings are exponents of an "architecture without architects". [edit]Parks Main article: Parks and open spaces in Copenhagen HP Pavilion dv6-1120EA Battery   rstedsparken Copenhagen is a green city with many big and small parks. King's Garden, the garden of Rosenborg Castle, is the oldest and most visited park in Copenhagen.[47] Its landscaping was commenced by Christian IV in 1606. Every year it sees more than 2.5 million visitors[48] and in the summer months it is packed with sunbathers, HP Pavilion dv6-1215SA Battery picnickers and ballplayers. It serves as a sculpture garden with a permanent display of sculptures as well as temporary exhibits during summer.[47] Also located in the city centre are the Botanical Gardens particularly noted for their large complex of 19th century greenhouses donated by Carlsberg founder J. C. Jacobsen.[49 HP Pavilion dv6-1210SA Battery ] F lledparken is at 58 hectares the largest park in Copenhagen.[50] It is popular for sports and hosts several annual events such as a free opera concert at the opening of the opera season, other open-air concerts, carnival, HP Pavilion dv6-1038ca Battery Labour Day celebrations and Copenhagen Historic Grand Prix, which is a race for antique cars. A historical green space in the northeastern part of the city is Kastellet, a well-preserved renaissance citadel that now serves mainly as a park. Another popular park is the Frederiksberg Garden, a 32-hectare romantic landscape park. HP Pavilion dv6-1108ca Battery It houses a colony of tame grey herons and other waterfowl. The park offers views of the elephants and the elephant house designed by world-famous British architect Norman Foster of the adjacent Copenhagen Zoo, HP Pavilion dv6-1138ca Battery the largest zoo in Denmark. Langelinie, a park and promenade along the inner resund coast, is home to one of Copenhagen's most-visited tourist attractions, the Little Mermaid statue. HP Pavilion dv6-1130sa Battery   In Copenhagen, many cemeteries double as parks, though only for the more quiet activities such as sunbathing, reading and meditation.[51] Assistens Cemetery, the burial place of Hans Christian Andersen, is an important green space for the district of Inner N rrebro and a Copenhagen institution. HP Pavilion dv6-1140ea Battery The lesser known Vestre Kirkegaard is the largest (54 hectares) cemetery in Denmark[52] and offers a maze of dense groves, open lawns, winding paths, hedges, overgrown tombs, monuments, tree-lined avenues, lakes and other garden features. HP Pavilion dv5-1008ca Battery   It is official municipal policy in Copenhagen that all citizens by 2015 must be able to reach a park or beach on foot in less than 15 minutes.[53] In line with this policy, several new parks are under development in areas lacking green spaces.[54][55] HP Pavilion dv6-2010sa Battery [edit]Beaches Copenhagen and the surrounding areas have 3 beaches with a total of approx. 8 km of sandy beaches within 30 minutes cycling from the city centre. This includes Amager Strandpark, which opened in 2005 and includes a 2 km long artificial island and a total of 4.6 km of beaches,[56] located just 15 minutes by bicycle or a few minutes by metro from the city centre. HP Pavilion dv5-1009ea Battery   The beaches are supplemented by a system of Harbour Baths along the Copenhagen waterfront. The first and most popular of these is located at Islands Brygge[57] and has won international acclaim for its design.[58] HP Pavilion dv6-1108ca Battery [edit]Demographics   As of 2010, 78.4% of Copenhagen's population is Danish, 7.0% are immigrants from western countries and 14.47% of a non-Western background.[59]     The Sluseholmen Canal District Depending on the boundaries used, the population of Copenhagen differs. Statistics Denmark uses a measure of the contiguously built-up urban area of Copenhagen, this means the number of communities included in this statistical abstract has changed several times, HP Pavilion dv5-1011ea Battery in the abstracts latest edition with about 1.2 million (1,199,224 (2011)) inhabitants. This number is not a strict result of the commonly used measuring methods of 200 meters of continuously build-up area, HP Pavilion dv6-1025ef Batteryas there are exceptions to the general rule: The suburbs of Birker d and H rsholm are excluded, while all of Br ndby and parts of Ish j and Greve are included.[citation needed] Statistics Denmark has never stated the geographical area of urban Copenhagen. However, HP Pavilion dv6-1005ea Batterywe know it consists of Copenhagen Municipality, Frederiksberg and 16 of the 20 municipalities in the old counties Copenhagen and Roskilde, though 5 of them only partially.[60] HP Pavilion dv6-1010ea Battery Statistics Denmark has worked out definitions of so-called lands (landsdele), a definition used to meet statistical needs on a lower level than regions. From this, the land of Copenhagen city (K benhavn by) is defined by the municipalities of Copenhagen, Drag r, Frederiksberg and T rnby, with a total population of 704,108 as of 1 January 2012.[34][3 HP Pavilion dv6-1013ea Battery5] The surroundings of Copenhagen is defined by another land, Copenhagen suburban (K benhavns omegn), which includes the municipalities of Albertslund, Ballerup, Br ndby, Gentofte, Gladsaxe, Glostrup, Herlev, Hvidovre, H je-Taastrup, Ish j, Lyngby-Taarb k, R dovre and Vallensb k, and with a total population of 520,784 (1 January 2012).[34][35] HP Pavilion dv5-1044ca Battery This gives a total population of 1,224,892 for these two lands together. The lands of Copenhagen city and Copenhagen suburban can together be used as a definition of the metropolitan area, although an extremely narrow one not even containing all of the urban area. HP Pavilion dv5-1034ca Battery Based on a 10%-isoline (data from 2002) in which at least 10% commutes into central parts of the Copenhagen area, most of Zealand would be covered and this area has a population of about 2.3 million inhabitants.[61] HP Pavilion dv5-1015ea Battery Since the opening of the resund Bridge in 2000 commuting between and integration of Greater Malm and Copenhagen have increased rapidly, and a combined statistical metropolitan area has formed. This Copenhagen-Malm metropolitan area has a population of 2,594,408 inhabitants (2012). HP Pavilion dv5-1007ca Battery A high-ranking civil servant of the Interior Ministry, Henning Str m, who was involved in (i.e. known as "the Father of") a past municipal reform, which took effect on 1 April 1970, said on television, broadcast in connection with the recent Kommunalreformen ("The Municipal Reform" of 2007), HP Pavilion dv5-1008ea Battery that Copenhagen municipality would encompass an area with 1.5 million inhabitants, if the principles of the 1970 municipal reform were also applied on Copenhagen municipality.[62] In other words: in the rest of Denmark the city occupies only part of the municipality, but in Copenhagen the municipality of Copenhagen occupies only part of the city of Copenhagen. HP Pavilion dv5-1010ea Battery [edit]Culture and recreation       The statue of the Little Mermaid, an icon of the city and a popular tourist attraction. Apart from being the national capital, Copenhagen also serves as the cultural hub of Denmark and wider Scandinavia. Since the late 1990s, HP Pavilion dv5-1012ea BatteryCopenhagen has undergone a transformation from a small Scandinavian capital to a metropolitan city of international scope in the league of cities like Barcelona and Amsterdam.[63] This is due to massive investments in infrastructure as well as culture and a wave of new successful Danish architects, designers and chefs.[9][37] HP Pavilion dv5-1015ea Battery   [edit]Museums See also: List of museums in and around Copenhagen Copenhagen has a wide array of museums of International standard. The National Museum, Nationalmuseet, is Denmark's largest museum of Archaeology and cultural history, comprising the histories of Danish and foreign cultures alike. Sony VGP-BPS13 Battery The National Gallery - "Statens Museum for Kunst" - is Denmark's national art museum and contains collections dating from 12th century and all the way up to present day artists. Among artists represented in the collections are Rubens, Rembrandt, Picasso, Braque, L ger, Matisse and Emil Nolde. Sony VGP-BPS22 Battery   Another important Copenhagen art museum is the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek founded by second generation Carlsberg tycoon-philanthropist Carl Jacobsen and is built around his personal collections. Sony VGP-BPS21 Battery   Its main focus is classical Egyptian, Roman and Greek sculptures and other antiquities and a collection of Rodin sculptures that is the largest outside France[64] (Glypto-, from the Greek root glyphein, to carve and theke, a storing-place). Sony VGP-BPS21B Battery Besides its sculpture collections, the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek also holds a comprehensive collection of paintings of impressionist and post-impressionist painters such as Monet, Renoir, C zanne, van Gogh and Toulouse-Lautrec as well as Danish Golden Age painters. Sony VGP-BPS21A Battery   Louisiana is a museum of modern art situated on the coast just north of Copenhagen. It is located in the middle of a sculpture garden on a cliff overlooking resund. The museum is included in the Patricia Schultz book 1,000 Places to See Before You Die. The Danish Museum of Art & Design is housed in the 18th century former Frederiks Hospital and displays Danish design as well as international design and crafts. Sony VGP-BPS13B Battery     Other museums include: Thorvaldsens Museum is a single-artist museum dedicated to the oeuvre of romantic Danish sculptor Bertel Thorvaldsen who lived and worked in Rome. Cisternerne is a small but different museum dedicated to modern glass art. It is located in some grotto-like former cisterns that come complete with Stalactites formed by the changing water levels.   Sony VGP-BPS13A Battery   The Ordrupgaard Museum is an art museum located just north of Copenhagen in an old mansion with an extension by Iraqi-British architect Zaha Hadid. It features 19th century French and Danish art and is particularly noted for its works by Paul Gaugin. Sony VGP-BPS13A/B Battery   Sony VGP-BPS13B/S Battery [edit]Performing arts     Royal Playhouse (left) and Copenhagen Opera House (background, right). The new Copenhagen Concert Hall opened in January 2009. It is designed by Jean Nouvel and has four halls with the main auditorium seating 1800 people. It serves as the home of the Danish National Symphony Orchestra and along with the Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles is the most expensive concert hall ever built.[65   Sony VGP-BPS13/B Battery] Another important venue for classical music is the Tivoli Concert Hall located in the historical Tivoli Gardens. The Copenhagen Opera House (in Danish usually called Operaen) that opened in 2005 and is designed by Henning Larsen, Sony VGP-BPS13A/S Battery is the national opera house of Denmark and among the most modern opera houses in the world. The old Royal Danish Theatre dating from 1748 still works as a supplementary opera scene. Sony VGP-BPS13B/B Battery The Royal Danish Theatre is also home to the Royal Danish Ballet. Founded in 1748 along with the theatre, it is one of the oldest ballet troupes in Europe. It is home to the Bournonville style of ballet.   Sony VGP-BPS13/Q Battery     Tycho Brahe Planetarium & IMAX     The Royal Danish Theatre Copenhagen has a significant jazz scene that has existed for many years. It developed when a number of American jazz musicians such as Ben Webster, Thad Jones, Richard Boone, Ernie Wilkins, Kenny Drew, Ed Thigpen, Sony VGP-BPS13B/Q Battery Bob Rockwell, Dexter Gordon, and others such as rock guitarist Link Wray came to live in Copenhagen during the 1960s. Every year in early July Copenhagen's streets, squares and parks fill up with big and small jazz concerts during the Copenhagen Jazz Festival (see yearly events). Sony VGP-BPS13/S Battery The biggest venue for popular music in Copenhagen is Vega in Vesterbro district which has been chosen as "best concert venue in Europe" by international music magazine Live[66] This venue has three concert halls. The great hall,   Sony VAIO PCG-31311M Battery Store VEGA, has a capacity for 1.550 guests, the middle hall, Lille VEGA, has space for 500 people and Ideal Bar Live has a capacity for 250 guests. Yearly in September the Festival of Endless Gratitude (FOEG) takes place in Copenhagen since 2006.   Sony VAIO PCG-31111M BatteryThis festival focuses on indie counterculture, experimental pop music en left field music combined with visual arts exhibitions. For free entertainment one can stroll along Str get, especially between Nytorv and H jbro Plads, which in the late afternoon and evening is a bit like an impromptu three-ring circus with musicians, magicians, jugglers and other street performers. Sony VAIO PCG-8112M Battery [edit]Sports Copenhagen has a wide variety of sport teams. The major football teams are F.C. Copenhagen and Br ndby. FC K benhavn plays at Parken in sterbro, Copenhagen, but FCK is actually a merger of two suburban teams, B 1903 (from the suburb Gentofte) and KB (from Frederiksberg). BK Frem are based in the southern part of urban Copenhagen (Sydhavnen, Valby). Other teams are Fremad Amager, B93, AB, Frem, Lyngby and Hvidovre IF. Sony VAIO PCG-3C1M Battery     Copenhagen also has multiple ice hockey teams, of which two are playing in the top league, AL-Bank Ligaen, namely R dovre Mighty Bulls and Hvidovre Ligahockey. World ranked no.2, Peter Gade, is one of the world's best international badminton players.   Sony VAIO PCG-7186M Battery There are a lot of handball teams in Copenhagen. FC K benhavn owns both a women's and a men's team, which have the same name and logo. They were formerly known as FIF. Of other clubs playing in the "highest" leagues there are; Ajax Heroes, Ydun, and HIK (Hellerup).   Sony VAIO PCG-7171M Battery Rugby union is also played in the Danish capital with teams such as CSR-Nanok, Copenhagen Business School Sport Rugby and Rugbyklubben Speed. The Danish Australian Football League, based in Copenhagen is the largest Australian rules football competition outside of the English speaking world.   Sony VAIO PCG-9Z1M Battery In 2011 Copenhagen hosted the UCI Road World Championships. [edit]Amusement parks     Built in 1874 the Pantomime Theatre is the oldest building in the Tivoli Gardens Copenhagen has the two oldest amusement parks in the World.[67][68][69] The Tivoli Gardens is an amusement park and pleasure garden located in central Copenhagen between the City Hall Square and Copenhagen Central Station. Sony VAIO PCG-5S1M BatteryAmong its rides are the oldest still operating roller coaster and the oldest ferris wheel in the World.[70] It also functions as an open-air concert venue. It opened on 15 August 1843 making it the second oldest amusement park in the world. Sony VAIO PCG-3F1M Battery     Dyrehavsbakken (in English "the Deer Garden Hill") is located in Klampenborg a little north of Copenhagen in a forested area known as dyrehaven. Having been made into an amusement park complete with rides, games and restaurants by Christian IV, it is the oldest surviving amusement park in the World.[67]   Sony VAIO PCG-5P1M Battery [edit]Cuisine For a broader look at this topic, see Danish cuisine. As of 2012, Copenhagen has 13 Michelin star restaurants, the most of any Scandinavian city.[71] The city is increasingly recognized internationally as a gourmet destination.[72] Apart from the selection of upmarket restaurants,   Sony VAIO PCG-5N2M BatteryCopenhagen offers a great variety of Danish, international and ethnic restaurants. It is possible to find modest eateries serving open sandwiches ("sm rrebr d") - the traditional and best known Danish lunch dish; however, most restaurants serve international dishes. Another local specialty,   Sony VAIO PCG-3C2M BatteryDanish pastry, can be sampled from any of numerous bakeries found in all parts of the city. The restaurant Noma (short for Danish: nordisk mad, English: Nordic food) was ranked as the Best Restaurant in the World by Restaurant in 2010, 2011 and 2012.[73] Copenhagen has long been associated with beer. Sony VAIO PCG-8161M Battery Carlsberg beer has been brewed at the brewery's premises at the border between Vesterbro and Valby districts since 1847 and has long been almost synonymous with Danish beer production. However, recent years have seen an explosive growth in the number of microbreweries so that Denmark today has more than 100 breweries,[74   Sony VAIO PCG-8141M Battery ] many of which are located in Copenhagen. Some like N rrebro Bryghus also act as brewpubs where it is also possible to eat at the premises. [edit]Media Many Danish media corporations are located in Copenhagen. DR, the major Danish public service broadcasting corporation collected their activities in a new headquarters, DR byen, in 2006 and 2007. Similarly has Odense based TV2 collected its Copenhagen activities in a modern media house in the Teglholmen. Sony VAIO PCG-3J1M Battery75] The two national daily newspapers Politiken and Berlingske Tidende and the two tabloids Ekstra Bladet and B.T. are based in Copenhagen. Other important media corporations include Aller Media which is the largest publisher of weekly and monthly magazines in Scandinavia, the Egmont media group and Gyldendal, the largest Danish publisher of books. [ Sony VAIO PCG-3H1M Battery Copenhagen also has a sizable movie and television industry. Filmbyen, The Movie City, which is located in a former military camp in the suburb of Hvidovre and houses several movie companies and studio studios. Among the movie companies are Zentropa co-owned by Danish movie director Lars von Trier who is behind several international movie productions as well as a founding force behind the Dogma Movement. Sony VAIO PCG-8152M Battery   [edit]Annual events Roskilde Festival is a music festival held every year in Roskilde west of Copenhagen. Gathering around 130,000 people every year, it is one of the six largest music festivals in Europe. Copenhagen Marathon, Copenhagen's annual marathon event.[76] Sony VAIO PCG-9Z1M Battery       Copenhagen Pride, an annual gay pride festival taking place every year in August Copenhagen Fashion Week takes place every year in February and August. It is the largest fashion event in Northern Europe.[77][78]   Sony VAIO PCG-41112M Battery Copenhagen Carnival takes place every year since 1982 during the Whitsun Holiday in F lledparken and around the city. 120 bands, 2000 dancers and 100,000 spectators participate.[79]   Sony VAIO PCG-7181M Battery Copenhagen Distortion is a youth culture festival capturing the zeitgeist of the city, gathering every year (5 days up to the first weekend of June) up to 100,000 people in the streets, in shops, galleries, clubs, bars, in boats and buses, with a cultural focus on street culture, art and upfront dance music.[80]   Sony VAIO PCG-7162M Battery Copenhagen Jazz Festival, which begins on the first Friday in July, is a popular annual event that is the result of Copenhagen's significant jazz scene. The festival takes place throughout the city in streets, squares and parks as well as in caf s and concert halls.[8   Sony VAIO PCG-7154M Battery1] It embraces around 900 concerts, 100 venues and over 200,000 guests from Denmark and around the world. It is recognized as one of the leading jazz festivals in the World.[82][83]   Sony VAIO PCG-7151M Battery Copenhagen Pride is a gay pride festival taking place every year in August. Among the events is "Tivoli goes pink" and it ends with a parade.[84] Round Christiansborg Open Water Swim Race is a 2 km open water swimming competition taking place each year in late August. This amateur event is combined with a 10 km Danish championship.[85] In 2009 the event included a 10 km FINA World Cup competition in the morning.   Sony VAIO PCG-7143M Battery CPH:PIX is Copenhagen's international feature film festival, established in 2009 as a fusion of the 20-year-old Natfilm festival and the 4-year-old CIFF. The CPH:PIX festival takes place in mid-April.[86]   Sony VAIO PCG-7141M Battery CPH:DOX is Copenhagen's international documentary film festival, every year in November. On top of its documentary film programme of over 100 films, CPH:DOX includes a wide event programme with dozens of events, concerts, exhibitions and parties all over town.[86] Sony VAIO PCG-3B1M Battery   [edit]Economy   Copenhagen is the economic and financial centre of Denmark[87] and also a strong business and economic centre in the Scandinavian-Baltic region. Around 3.5 million inhabitants live within a 50 km (31 mi) radius of Copenhagen, making the city centre of the most dense and populated area in Northern Europe.[88]   Sony VAIO PCG-5R1M Battery The region generates approximately 25 per cent of both Sweden's and Denmark's GDP.[89] In 2008, Copenhagen was ranked 4th by Financial Times-owned FDi magazine on their list of Top 50 European Cities of the Future after London, Sony VAIO PCG-3G2M BatteryParis and Berlin.[90] In 2006/07 FDi Magazine named Copenhagen Scandinavian City of the Future[91] and in 2004/05 Copenhagen was named Northern European City of the Future ahead of other cities from Scandinavia, UK, Ireland and Benelux.[92] In the 2008 Worldwide Centers of Commerce Index, Sony VAIO PCG-3D1M Battery published by MasterCard, Copenhagen was ranked 14th in the world and 1st in Scandinavia.[93] Copenhagen is one of the cities in Western Europe attracting most regional headquarters and distribution centres.[94Sony VAIO PCG-3C1T Battery ] Among the international companies that have chosen to locate their regional headquarters in Copenhagen is Microsoft. There are 2,100 foreign companies located in the Copenhagen area, of which approx. 500 are Scandinavian head offices, representing a wide range of industries.   HP Pavilion dv6-1005ea Battery     Scandinavian headquarters for the Swiss pharmaceutical company Ferring Pharmaceuticals with the metro in front Copenhagen has a service oriented economy. An important sector is life science and research & development plays a major role in the economy of the city. The entire Oresund Region is in cooperation with Sweden being promoted as Medicon Valley. Major Danish biotech companies like Novo Nordisk and Lundbeck,   HP Pavilion dv6-1010ea Batteryboth of which are among 50 largest pharmaceutical and biotech companies in the World, are located in the greater Copenhagen area.[95] The region also boasts the largest IT-cluster in Scandinavia with nearly 100,000 employees.[9HP Pavilion dv6-1210SA Battery 6] Shipping is also an import business with Maersk, the World's largest shipping company, having their world headquarters in Copenhagen. Several international companies have established their regional headquarters in Copenhagen, for example, Microsoft. Maersk,   HP Pavilion dv6-1013ea Batterythe world's largest container shipping company, has their world headquarters in Copenhagen. A substantial number of Danish pharmaceuticals such as Novo Nordisk, Ferring Pharmaceuticals and Bavarian Nordic also operate in the area, having placed their headquarters in or close to Copenhagen.[95] HP Pavilion dv6-1215SA Battery   Copenhagen has some of the highest gross wages in the world.[97] High taxes mean that wages are reduced after mandatory deduction. A beneficial researcher scheme with low taxation of foreign specialists[98] has made Denmark an attractive location for foreign labour to settle. Copenhagen is however also among the most expensive cities in Europe.[99][100] HP Pavilion dv6-1120EA Battery   [edit]Education, science, research   Copenhagen has 89-thousand students enrolled in its largest universities and institutions: University of Copenhagen (40,000 students), Copenhagen Business School (17,000 students), Metropolitan University College and University College Copenhagen (10,000 students each), HP Pavilion dv6-1120SA Battery Technical University of Denmark (7,000 students), KEA (3,000 students), IT University of Copenhagen (2,000 students.) and Aalborg University - Copenhagen (840 students). Copenhagen's higher-education system relies on public universities. Most prominent among these is the University of Copenhagen. Founded in 1479, HP Pavilion dv6-1140EA Battery HP Pavilion dv6-1210EA Battery it is the oldest university in Denmark. It is a world-renowned research and teaching institution with campuses around the city and forms part of the International Alliance of Research Universities (IARU),   HP Pavilion dv5-1044ca Batterywhich is a collaboration between international top universities including Oxford, Cambridge, Yale, Berkeley and The Australian National University. The University attracts app. 1500 international and exchange students every year.[101] It is repeatedly ranked as one of the best universities in Europe. At the Times Higher Education-QS World University Rankings 2008 list,   HP Pavilion dv5-1034ca Battery it was ranked as fourth best in continental Europe.[102] The Academic Ranking of World Universities 2008 placed it as number 43 worldwide and 8th in Europe.[103]   HP Pavilion dv5-1015ea Battery The Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Danmarks Tekniske Universitet, is located in Lyngby at the northern outskirts of Copenhagen. In 2008 it was ranked third highest in Europe on Times Higher Education's list of the most influential technical universities in the World. The Max Planck Institute in Germany was ranked 15,   HP Pavilion dv5-1007ca Battery ETH Zurich in Switzerland was ranked 15 and DTU in Denmark was ranked 20.[104] The IT University of Copenhagen is Denmark's youngest university, a mono-faculty institution focusing on technical, societal and business aspects of information technology.   HP Pavilion dv5-1008ea Battery Copenhagen Business School (CBS) is an EQUIS-accredited business school located in Frederiksberg. Roskilde University was founded in 1972 after student protests and until recently it had student representatives throughout its governing boards. There are also branches of both University College Capital and Metropolitan University College inside and outside Copenhagen. HP Pavilion dv6-1216SA Battery   [edit]Medicon Valley Main article: Medicon Valley Copenhagen is rich in companies and institutions with a focus on research and development within the biotechnology[105] and life science sectors. Two of the 50 largest pharmaceutical and biotech companies in the World are located in the greater Copenhagen area. HP Pavilion dv6-1330SA Battery The biotech and life science cluster in Copenhagen and the rest of the Oresund Region is one of the strongest in Europe. Since 1995 this has been branded as the Medicon Valley in a Danish-Swedish cooperation.   HP Pavilion dv5-1010ea BatteryThe aim is to strengthen the region's position and to promote cooperation between companies and academia. The German biotech giant Sartorius Stedim Biotech is currently creating a Nordic head office in T strup on the outskirts of Copenhagen. The resund region is responsible for 60 percent of life science production in Scandinavia and is home to 111 biotech companies.[106] HP Pavilion dv6-2110EA Battery HP Pavilion dv6-2114A Battery   [edit]Cleantech Copenhagen was mentioned by Clean Edge as one of the key cleantech clusters to watch in their 2008 book The Cleantech Revolution. The city is the focal point for more than 300 cleantech companies drawing on 46 research institutions. The cluster employs more than 60,000 people and is characterized by a close collaboration between universities, business and governing institutions.   HP Pavilion dv5-1012ea Battery The regions most important cleantech research institutions are the University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Business School,[107] Ris DTU National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy and the Technical University of Denmark which Ris is now part of.   HP Pavilion dv5-1015ea Battery [edit]Transport   The greater Copenhagen area has a very well established transportation infrastructure making it a hub in Northern Europe. [edit]Roads Copenhagen has a large network of toll-free motorways and public roads connecting different municipalities of the city together and to Northern Europe.[108] As in many other cities in Europe traffic is increasing in Copenhagen.   HP Pavilion dv5-1011ea BatteryThe radial arterial roads leading to Copenhagen city centre are critically congested during peak hours.[109] [edit]Cycling Main article: Cycling in Copenhagen     The Quay Bridge is a pedestrian and bicyclist bridge Copenhagen is known as one of the most bicycle-friendly cities in the world.[110] Every day 1.1 million km are bicycled in Copenhagen.[   HP Pavilion dv5-1009ea Battery1] 36% of all citizens commute to work, school or university by bicycle[112] and it is municipal policy that this number should go up to 40% by 2012 and 50% in 2015.[113] The city's bicycle paths are extensive and well used. Bicycle paths are often separated from the main traffic lanes and sometimes have their own signal systems. 11   HP Pavilion DV5-1210EA Battery The municipality is also developing a system of interconnected green bicycle routes, greenways, the aim being to facilitate fast, safe, and pleasant bicycle transport from one end of the city to the other. The network will cover more than 100 km (62 mi) and will have 22 routes when finished.[11   HP Pavilion DV5-1130EA Battery3] The city provides public bicycles which can be found throughout the downtown area and used with a returnable deposit of 20 kroner. Copenhagen's well-developed bicycle culture is reflected in the use of copenhagenize to describe the practice of other cities adopting Copenhagen-style bike lanes and bicycle infrastructure.[114] In 2007,   HP Pavilion DV5-1005EA Battery Copenhagen-based Danish urban design consultant Jan Gehl was hired by the New York City Department of Transportation to re-imagine New York City streets by introducing designs to improve life for pedestrians and cyclists.[115] In recognition of Copenhagen's emphasis on bicycling,   HP Pavilion DV5-1002EA Batterythe city was chosen by the Union Cycliste Internationale as their first official Bike City. Bike City Copenhagen took place from 2008 to 2011 and consisted of large cycling events for professionals as well as amateurs, culminating in the 2011 UCI Road World Championships.[112] HP Pavilion DV4-1210EA Battery [edit]Harbour     Iceland Quay The harbour of Copenhagen has largely lost its industrial importance. In 2001, Copenhagen Harbour merged with the harbour in Malm to create Copenhagen-Malm Port. It has several functions, the most important being as a major cruise destination. In 2007 a record 286 cruise ships with 420,000 cruise passengers visited Copenhagen. 120 of these ships either started or ended the cruise in Copenhagen.[ HP Pavilion DV4-1190EA Battery16] In 2008 these numbers grew further to 310 cruise ships and 560,000 passengers.[117] As a result of the growth in the cruise industry facilities are being expanded and improved.[11HP Pavilion dv6-2112SA Battery 18] At the World Travel Awards in 2008, Copenhagen Port was named the number one cruise destination in Europe for the fifth year in a row.[119] 1HP Pavilion dv6-2112SA Battery   Copenhagen is serviced by ferry lines to Oslo in Norway (called "Oslob den") with a daily connection[120] and to winouj cie in Poland (called "Polensf rgerne") with five weekly connections (Passengers are taken by bus to Ystad (Sweden) and ferry starts there).[121]   HP Pavilion dv6-2112SA Battery   Copenhagen has four lines of waterbuses, known as the Copenhagen Harbour Buses, serving ten water bus stops; four on the Amager-side and six on the Zealand-side of the harbour, from Sluseholmen in the South to Holmen in the North. HP Pavilion dv6-1148ca Battery   [edit]Airports Copenhagen Airport is the principal airport serving Copenhagen. It is the largest in Scandinavia and the 17th largest in Europe.[6] Located in Kastrup on the island of Amager, it has efficient connections to downtown Copenhagen, HP Pavilion dv6-1140ea Battery   HP Pavilion dv6-2114A Battery with trip times of 15 minutes to Kongens Nytorv via metro (with 4-6 minutes between departures) and 12 minutes to Central Station via regional train (10 minutes between departures). Its location also makes it the most important international airport for large parts of southern Sweden. HP Pavilion dv6-1133sa Battery Over the resund Bridge trains go to Malm South in 14 minutes or Malm Central Station in 22 minutes.[122] The Roskilde airport, 30 km west of city center, has two (crossing) runways with ILS equipment.   HP Pavilion dv6-2110EA Battery It is primarily used for general aviation traffic, flight schools, business jets and occasional charter flights, but can be used by medium jets - although not always at full take-off weight. Plans for expanding Roskilde Airport have been approved, making it more suitable for regular flights of medium jets, such as those operated by most low-cost airlines and charter operators.   HP Pavilion dv6-1330SA Battery However, a lack of firm commitment from airlines has postponed the expansion indefinitely. S-train (a combined urban and suburban rail system with a length of 170 km (105.63 mi)., the distance between stations is approximately 2 km (1.24 mi) within the central parts) Copenhagen Metro (under further development, the City Circle Line (M3+M4) is scheduled to be complete in 2018 with plans for three additional lines M5+M6+M7[123]) HP Pavilion dv6-1132sa Battery   Local trains in the periphery of the metropolitan area. (modern but usually driven by diesel or natural gas) There are 193 rail stations. Most of them have connecting bus services. This link shows all lines, stations and fare zones. The Copenhagen local traffic area is divided in 95 zones. Zones 1,2 and 3 make up the city core of Copenhagen. HP Pavilion dv6-1130sa Battery HP Pavilion dv6-1140ea Battery Tickets The same ticket is valid for travel on bus, train, and metro networks. Ticket machines are installed at all stations, and tickets can also be bought on buses and at ticket counters located at major stations.   HP Pavilion dv6-1216SA Battery A ticket price inside the Copenhagen local traffic area is distance-dependent and always between two and nine zones (a nine zone ticket goes for all zones). Price is currently (2011) 12 DKK for each zone. There are a number of tickets that can be bought at different discounts, for instance the 10-trip klippekort (variable price) or 24 hour travel card (130 DKK). The fine for not having a valid ticket is 750DKK. HP Pavilion dv6-1138ca Battery   HP Pavilion dv6-1210EA Battery The main junction stations for interchange between system or lines are the stations of N rreport, Valby, Dansh j, Kastrup Airport, Ny Ellebjerg, Hellerup, sterport, Ryparken, restaden, Flintholm, and K benhavn H (Copenhagen Central Station). The latter is also a hub for trains with destinations outside the Copenhagen local traffic area. HP Pavilion dv6-1108ca Battery   Danish and international trains Copenhagen Central Station provides Copenhagen with Intercity and Express trains across Denmark, as well as services to several international destinations. The train traffic to Hamburg is especially heavy, and other distant destinations can also be reached by daily international trains. Trains to southern and western Sweden depart every 20 minutes. HP Pavilion dv6-1038ca Battery   HP Pavilion dv6-1140EA Battery (A special ticket fare system exists between the Copenhagen local traffic area and the most southern part of Sweden, Sk ne county.) [edit]Environment   Copenhagen is recognized as one of the most environmentally friendly cities in the world.[124]   HP Pavilion dv6-1120SA Battery [not in citation given] Much of the city's success can be attributed to a strong municipal policy combined with a sound national policy, in 1971 Denmark established a Ministry of Environment and the first country in the world to implement an environmental law in 1973. HP Pavilion DV4-1190EA Battery In 2006 Copenhagen Municipality received the European Environmental Management Award.[125] The award was given for long-term holistic environmental planning. It is municipal policy to reduce CO2 emissions by 20% before the end of 2015.[126] HP Pavilion DV4-1210EA Battery In 2001 a large offshore wind farm was built just off the coast of Copenhagen at Middelgrunden. It produces about 4% of the city's energy.[127] Many years of major investments in sewage treatment has improved water quality in the harbour to an extent that the inner harbour can be used for swimming and facilities for this are provided at a number of locations.[128]   HP Pavilion dv6-1120EA Battery Another municipal policy is that 40% of all citizens should bicycle to and from work by 2012 and a number of initiatives are being taken to implement this policy (see "cycling" above).[129]   HP Pavilion dv6-1215SA Battery Copenhagen is the capital in the world where organic food has the largest market share. One in every ten purchases is organic in Copenhagen.[130] Within the municipal sector in Copenhagen, 45% of all food consumption is organic but the target is considerably higher. With the environmental strategy "Environment Metropolis: HP Pavilion dv6-1210SA BatteryOur Vision 2015" the politicians wish that solely organic food is to be served in 90 per cent of the Copenhagen old-age homes and residential homes for children and young persons in 2015.[130] HP Pavilion DV5-1002EA Battery HP Pavilion DV5-1005EA Battery HP Pavilion DV5-1130EA Battery HP Pavilion DV5-1210EA Battery